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Huffaker's mite experiment
In 1958, Carl B. Huffaker, an ecologist and agricultural entomologist at the University of California, Berkeley, did a series of experiments with predatory and herbivorous mite species to investigate predator-prey population dynamics. In these experiments, he created model universes with arrays of rubber balls and oranges (food for the herbivorous mites) on trays and then introduced the predator and prey mite species in various permutations. Specifically, Huffaker was seeking to understand how spatial heterogeneity and the varying dispersal ability of each species affected long-term population dynamics and survival. Contrary to previous experiments on this topic (especially those by Georgii Gause), he found that long-term coexistence was possible under select environmental conditions. He published his findings in the paper, “Experimental Studies on Predation: Dispersion Factors and Predator-Prey Oscillations.”〔Citation added: Huffaker, C. B. "Experimental Studies on Predation: Dispersion Factors and Predator- Prey Oscillations." Hilgardia: A Journal of Agricultural Science 27 (1958): 795-834.〕
==Experiment Design==
The aim of Huffaker’s 1958 experiment was to “shed light upon the fundamental nature of predator-prey interaction”〔C. B. Huffaker, “Experimental Studies on Predation: Dispersion Factors and Predator-Prey Oscillations” in Hilgardia Vol. 27, No. 14, August 1958, p 795〕 and to “establish an ecosystem in which a predatory and a prey species could continue living together so that the phenomena associated with their interactions could be studied in detail”.〔C. B. Huffaker, “Experimental Studies on Predation: Dispersion Factors and Predator-Prey Oscillations” in Hilgardia Vol. 27, No. 14, August 1958, p 796〕 He used two mite species, the six-spotted mite ''Eotetranychus sexmaculatus'' as the prey species and ''Typhlodromus occidentalis'' as the predatory species. Oranges provided a background environment and a food source for the herbivorous mites. The amount of available food on each orange was controlled by sealing off portions of each orange using damp paper and paraffin wax. Huffaker introduced patchiness into the system by replacing oranges with rubber balls of a similar size. He referred to the resultant systems as “universes." Huffaker created a series of 12 universes in his experiment, trying different arrangements to reach a universe in which the predator population would not annihilate the prey population, and in which, instead, the two species could coexist.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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